•
predetermined
【.pri:ditə:mind】
英：
美：
动词predetermine的过去式和过去分词形式
adj.
预订的
动词过去分词:
predetermined
动词过去式:
predetermined
名词:
predetermination
动词第三人称单数:
predetermines
形容词:
predeterminate
动词现在分词:
predetermining
1 、He made a modest ramark,” This should be
predetermined
by the female side.After all it is not objective to score myself.───他谦虚地说，这应该问女方，毕竟自己给自己打分数是不够客观的。
2 、Waxman bemoan how
predetermined
beliefs are jeopardizing scientific freedom, you might think you are in another age or in some struggling new country.───但走出他位在角落的办公室，见到的却是美国国会大厦闪亮的圆顶，以及周边架设了围栏和最先进保全系统的森严警备。
3 、In order to engineer the optimal solution, the correlations between paths, the distances between the points to be connected, the required conveying tasks and outputs are
predetermined
.───为落实最佳解决方案,必须事先详细调查运输路线之间的关系、两个行驶点之间的距离、运输的目的以及需要的功率等。
4 、Its probably hard for you to imagine how it feels to have your destiny be
predetermined
at birth.─── 对你来说可能很难想象 一出生命运就定下了是什么感觉
5 、Predetermined pickups would have been much less risky.─── 预先选定卡车应该会减少风险
6 、A contract conferring the right but not the obligation to buy (call) or to sell (put) a specified amount of an instrument at a specified price within a
predetermined
time period.───在预先决定的时间段内，给与权利但没有义务在指定价格购买或出售指定数量金融工具的合约。
7 、Any new entrant will obtain grandfathering rights over the relevant slots once it has operated a route for a
predetermined
period.───任何新航空公司一旦在事先确定的时期内运行一条航线，都将获得相关航线的终身运营权。
8 、A ritual bath at a
predetermined
time and place is the major event of the festival.───圣水沐浴节中最主要的活动就是在预定的时间和地点进行宗教式的沐浴。
9 、Regardless of how carefully the
predetermined
overhead rate is estimated, Factory Overhead will usually have a balance at the end of the fiscal year.───不管预先确定制造费用分配率时多么认真仔细,制造费用账户在年末总会有一个余额。
10 、Since it violates the
predetermined
rules of engagement.─── 因为那违反了我们的赛前约定
11 、If the number of cached items exceeds a
predetermined
limit when the item is added, the BackgroundScheduler object begins scavenging.───在添加项时,如果缓存项的数量超过预定的限制,那么BackgroundScheduler对象就开始进行清理。
12 、Time deposits generally have a
predetermined
maturity and amount.───定期存款通常具有预先规定的到期日和数额。
13 、A cryptographic system in which units of plain text of regular length, usually letters, are arbitrarily transposed or substituted according to a
predetermined
code.───密码一种密码系统，其中固定长度的明文里的单元，通常为字母，被任意倒置或按事先确定的符号系统替换
14 、He doesnt have to respond in
predetermined
, rigid ways.───他无须以既定的、僵硬的方式用出回应。
15 、An output unit that produces a hard copy record of data mainly in the form of a sequence of discrete graphic characters belonging to one or more
predetermined
character sets.───一种产生数据记录硬拷贝的输出设备,它是以属于一个或多个预定字符集里的离散的图形字符序列的形式去表示数据记录的。
16 、At
predetermined
temperature trigger-points the cooling current is increased.───在预定的温度触发点上，冷却电流增大。
17 、If the determined difference exceeds a
predetermined
threshold, data in the target data segment is replaced with data derived from the remaining data segments.───如果所确定的差别超过特定阈值，使用由其余数据分段所得出的数据来代替目标数据分段中的数据。
18 、Due to the necessity of prompt action in times of crisis, it may be prudent to have set aside a
predetermined
budget for CSR issues.───危机时刻采取果断的行动是必要的，审慎的做法是在预算中把属于企业社会责任的那部分预留出来。
19 、A message with one address to is delivered to a fixed
predetermined
set of destinations.───一种带有一个地址的信息,要传递给一组事先决定了的目的地(即收信方)。
20 、The CVP analysis assumes that either a single product is sold or that sales will be in accordance with a
predetermined
sales mix.───CVP分析假设只销售一种产品或销售将按既定的组合进行。
21 、He doesnt have to respond in
predetermined
, right ways.───他不必按既定计划亦步亦趋。
22 、Governed by fate;
predetermined
.───命运决定了的由命运掌握的；预先注定的
23 、A synchronizing labyrinth must be created at a special,
predetermined
place.───同步迷宫必须建立在一个特殊的，预先确定的地方。
24 、Controlled by or as if by fate;
predetermined
.───命中注定的被(或像是被)命运掌握的;预先注定的
25 、The Yuhang area still only had 9 sets of deals, the
predetermined
3 sets, finalized a deal the even price 5919 Yuan/square meters.───余杭区仍然仅有9套成交，预定3套，成交均价5919元/平方米。
26 、Attendant Recall On Trunk Hold The system will recall the attendant if a trunk placed on hold is not re-entered within a
predetermined
time.───中继线中断时话务台重呼在预先设定的时间内,如果中断的中继线没有重新接入,那么系统将重呼话务员。
27 、During the
predetermined
work hours when the up traffice from the main floor is specially heavy , elevators are meet the neeas of up peak traffic congestion.───在预定上班时间内，基站向上的运输特别繁忙时，向基站不断派梯以满足上班时高峰拥挤的需要。
28 、You can use policy to set properties to
predetermined
values, to assign a range of values, or to specify a list of possible enum values for the property.───可以使用策略将属性设置为预设值,分配值范围,或为属性指定可能的枚举值列表。
29 、After equilibrium has been established, a
predetermined
amount of the head-space of the vial is flushed into the gas chromatograph.───在平衡建立以后，顶空瓶中预定量的样品进入气相色谱仪。
30 、A
predetermined
pattern of lines, that provides uniform coverage of a display space.───在计算机图形学中,提供显示空间均匀覆盖面的预定扫描线图案。
31 、Unlike his sculptures, in which issues of scale, materials and design are all up to him, this project involves fitting a
predetermined
architectural space.───像他的雕塑,在这问题上的尺度,材料和设计,都是由他决定,这个项目涉及装修预设建筑空间。
32 、Use of the French curve The French curve is used to draw a smooth line through
predetermined
points....───发布者：王世军所在地：上海杨浦区行业：服装职位：外销员工作年限：一年以上
33 、The Settlement both vertically and horizontally under lateral loads and bending moment must not exceed
predetermined
and acceptable values.───垂直和水平向荷载作用下的沉降和弯(曲)矩不能超过预先确定数值或工程采用的限定数值。
34 、to some co*ically
predetermined
set of outcomes.─── 早已注定好的诸多结果的 彻头彻尾的奴隶
35 、Your subject needs to be in a
predetermined
location, preferably removed from civilians.─── 你的目标需要待在预**置内 最好远离无辜百姓
36 、In computer graphics , a
predetermined
pattern of lines, that provides uniform coverage of a display space.───在计算机图形学中，提供显示空间均匀覆盖面的预定扫描线图案。
37 、To adhere to established rules or
predetermined
courses of action.───保持一致坚持保持成规或预先确定的行动方案
38 、In word processing,a
predetermined
number of escapement units(including character spaces)forming one line of typing.───在字（词）处理技术中，预先定义的换码单位数（包括字符空格），构成一个打字行。
39 、The doctrine that all events are
predetermined
by fate and are therefore unalterable.───宿命论认为所有事情都是由命运注定且无法改变的理论
40 、The process of XML Web service discovery in Visual Studio involves interrogating a Web site following a
predetermined
algorithm.───Visual Studio中的XML Web services发现过程涉及按照预先确定的算法询问网站。
41 、And when I picked him upside down, it didnt mean, since it was
predetermined
, that he was any lighter.─── 当我把他头朝下举起来的时候 他可并没有因为预先裁定的原因变轻啊
42 、Some take as many as 1,536
predetermined
moves to open.─── 有些甚至被设置为需要转动1536下才能解开
43 、The selected cutoff points in relation to sensitivity and specificity given
predetermined
risk level and utility ratio were demonstrated.───再以预先订定的风险值及效用比，求得适当的切点以及相对的敏感度及特异度。
44 、The spray nozzles are designed to produce a dense spray at a
predetermined
angle.───喷嘴是按预定角度产生稠密水雾来设计的。
45 、Controlled by or as if by fate;
predetermined
.───命中注定的被（或像是被）命运掌握的；预先注定的
46 、The harmony achieved between
predetermined
aerodynamic features and free composition is pure Lichtenstein.───和谐之间实现了预定的气动特性和自由组合的纯列支敦士登。
47 、The outcome of the battle is
predetermined
, so it doesnt matter what I do now.─── 这场战斗的后果早就注定了 所以我做什么都无所谓
48 、The Code Advisor for Visual Basic 6 is an add-in used to review your code to ensure that it meets
predetermined
coding standards.───Code Advisor for Visual Basic 6是一个外接程序,用来检查您的代码以确保达到预先确定的编码标准。
49 、The installation tool maintains sleeve position in the hole while pulling the mandrel into, and expanding the sleeve until the mandrel breaks off at a
predetermined
point.───安装工具将套筒**在孔内，同时向往外拉心轴，套筒受力膨胀，心轴在预定受力点被拉断。
50 、Following the FDV, the product flows to the fifth major component of the system, which is the holding tube, a
predetermined
length of pipe with an established and known diameter.───产品在FDV之后流到设备的第五个主要组成部分,即具有确定的管长、一定并已知的直径的保温管。
51 、"Out of the 50 states, about 40 of them are almost
predetermined
, and we can call them today.───“美国50个州里，有大约40个州差不多都能提前确定选举人票的归属，现在就能预测。
52 、The process of Web service discovery in Visual Studio involves interrogating a Web site following a
predetermined
algorithm.───Visual Studio中的Web服务发现过程涉及询问网站是否遵循预定算法。
53 、Even the life of that gestating fetus has already been
predetermined
.─── 即使是孕育中的胎儿 它的人生 也早已成定数了
54 、This is the
predetermined
path towards the target.─── 这是去往目标位的预设路径
55 、He had
predetermined
opinions and I had my opinions, and there were too many cooks spoiling the broth.───他总是有些先入为主的想法，但我也有自己的意见，厨子太多就会把好好一锅汤烧坏。
56 、It enables you to prevent data loss by creating and storing shadow copies of files and folders on your network at
predetermined
time intervals.───它定期为网络中的文件和文件夹创建和存储卷影副本,从而避免数据丢失。
57 、A system used by character readers in character recognition where each input document is issued to the document transport at a
predetermined
and fixed rate.───在字符识别中，字符阅读器所使用的一种系统，在这里输入的文件以预定的和不变的速率被发送给文件传送装置。
58 、In this design, the twill direction is reversed at
predetermined
intervals to form a series of inverted Vs.───在这种组织中,在预定的区间内将斜纹的斜向反向配置,以形成一系列倒V形纹路。
59 、The SO/SB Shutoff Regulator is used in the gas line to automatically shut off the fuel when the combustion air or any remote signal pressure drops below a
predetermined
limit.───SB切断阀用于燃气管线自动切断燃料，当助燃空气或者任何采样信号的压力低于预设定极限值时，安全且短阀都会自动切断燃料的供应。
60 、Any of several techniques for making detailed x-rays of a
predetermined
plane section of a solid object while blurring out the images of other planes.───X线体层照相术一种X线照相技术，能够照出某确定物体上事先规定好的某层部分，而不会照下其它部分的像。
61 、Optics of calculable,
predetermined
performance: a demanding task.───1866年，蔡司的第1000台显微镜出厂。
62 、There could be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used intentionally to produce superior and subordinate classes, each genetically prepared to carry out a
predetermined
mission.───从另一方面讲,如果这种知识被有意识地用来复制优等或劣等群体,天生让这些人来完成某一预定的使命,那就会产生非常严重的后果。
63 、People with an average natural gift are equally capable of mastering the basics of liberal arts and natural science. They are never
predetermined
by nature to be good in one subject and poor in another.───一个有中上天资的人，对于普通的基本的文理科目，都同样的有学习的能力，绝不会本能的长于此而拙于彼。
64 、BBB has an option at any time during the 3 years to buy over the Facility at
predetermined
prices.───BBB有权在三年内任何时间以预定价格收购工厂。
65 、A put option confers the right but not the obligation to sell currencies, instruments or futures at the option exercise price within a
predetermined
time period.───在预先决定的时间段内以期权行使价格卖出货币、金融票据或期货的权利，但这不是义务。
66 、Aslong as it remains a bond, ICULS holders will enjoy payment of interestincome at a
predetermined
specified coupon rate.───只要我们仍然债券iculs持有人可享有利息收益在预定订息率.
67 、A check valve that controls fluid flow rates to maintain a
predetermined
, constant pressure upstream from the valve.───为保持阀的上游的预定不变的压力所用的控制流体流量的一种止回阀。
68 、A persons health is often genetically
predetermined
.───人的体质通常是由遗传决定的。
69 、A radio or radar transmitter-receiver activated for transmission by reception of a
predetermined
signal.───发射机应答器一种收到预定信号之后就开始发射信号的无线电或雷达发射接收机。
70 、MAJOR WILSHAW ：That life is a
predetermined
pattern.───威尔萧少校：生命是注定的。
71 、Use CAAT to evaluate all expense reports within a
predetermined
amount. Determine if expenses are reasonable/approved.───利用审计辅助软件测试来评估所有在预定金额内的费用报告。决定费用是否合理/经过批准。
72 、In this system the loom physically drives the warp beam through a gear system to feed warp yarns at a
predetermined
rate.───在该机构中,织机通过齿轮系统直接驱动织轴,将经纱按既定速度送出来；
73 、He says that everything is
predetermined
, but...I like to think that it is fate. Im not sure how it works, but Im glad it happened.───他说任何事情的发生都是事先决定好的，我愿意理解为命运。我不知道它是怎幺回事，但是我很高兴生变发生的一切。
74 、The colour of a persons hair is often
predetermined
by that of his parents.───一个人头发的颜色常是由父母的头发颜色所决定的。
75 、"Unfortunately the outcome is
predetermined
," Genser said, adding that he fears Suu Kyi will be convicted.───“很遗憾的是结果是可以预知的，”金瑟说，并补充其担心苏西将被宣判有罪。
76 、The difference between a TDR and a PDR is that the TDR is done in more of a controlled setting where areas are
predetermined
as "sending" or "receiving" areas.───也有的学者认为，国家在农田基础建设和农村基础设施方面进行了一些投资，这种投资引起的升值（马克思所说的级差地租二），应当归国家所有。
77 、To ensure the vessel voyage along the
predetermined
course, the rudder angle should be changed reasonably at the right moment according to the various leeway circumstances.───为使船舶沿预定的航向航行,应根据船舶偏离航向的情况适时合理地改变舵角以修正航向。
78 、The
predetermined
solution viscosity of the thickened solution should preferably be above 600 centipoises.───增稠溶液的规定粘度最好在600厘泊以上。
79 、The benefit from this style of grid-enabled application is that results are obtained when needed without having to wait for a
predetermined
time slot to run the application.───启用网格的应用程序的优点是在需要时获得结果,而不必预先等待一段时间再来运行应用程序。
80 、In this first example, the Get-Mailbox cmdlet is called without specific formatting so the default output is in table format and contains a
predetermined
set of properties.───在第一个示例中,调用Get-Mailbox cmdlet但未指定格式,因此,默认输出为表格格式并包含一组预定义的属性。
81 、Remember that when the standard costs are used, factory overhead is applied to production on the basis of a
predetermined
standard cost overhead rate.───在标准成本制度下,制造费用根据一事先确定的比率进行分配。
82 、Thus, in order to provide timely cost data, factory overhead costs are assigned or applied to production by using a
predetermined
rate.───出于这种考虑,制造费用可以按一确定的比例进行分配各产品的生产成本。
83 、A device for directing electrical input pulses onto one or two output lines, depending upon the presence or absence of a
predetermined
accompanying control pulse.───一种装置,根据是否出现一个预先决定的伴随控制脉冲,把电输入脉冲导向到一条或两条输出线路上。
84 、Brains and computers are both machines for processing information which is fed in from outside in accordance with a
predetermined
programme.───大脑和计算机都是处理信息的机器，这些信息是根据预先设定的程序从外部输入进去的。
85 、A patent is supposed to last for a
predetermined
period so that the know-how contained therein eventually passes into the public domain.───专利的期限应该是事先规定好的，因此专利所代表的技术，终有一天会进入公共领域。
86 、Signaling routes are
predetermined
paths specifying SS7 nodes and interconnecting signaling links.───信令路由是指定 SS7 节点和互连信令链路而预先确定的路径。
87 、In word processing, a
predetermined
number of escapement units (including character spaces) forming one line of typing.───在字(词)处理技术中,预先定义的换码单位数(包括字符空格),构成一个打字行。
88 、A network control program function that presents an interruption to indicate that a
predetermined
period of time has elapsed without the occurrence of an expected event.───一种网络控制程序中的操作程序，可以发出一个中断，表明预定的时间周期已被用完，但没有发生期望的事件。
89 、Security probes that verify a database ACL against a
predetermined
configuration and that check for inconsistencies in security configurations across multiple servers.───安全探测器,根据预先确定的配置来验证数据库ACL,检查多台服务器中不一致的安全配置。
90 、On September 25 21:10, are the Shenzhou seven man-in-space flight airship
predetermined
launch time.───9月25日21时10分，是神舟七号载人航天飞船预定发射的时间。
蒙代尔的三元悖论或不可能三角英文是什么
三元悖论，也称三难选择，它是由美国经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼就开放经济下的政策选择问题所提出的，其含义是：本国货币政策的独立性，汇率的稳定性，资本的完全流动性不能同时实现，最多只能同时满足两个目标，而放弃另外一个目标。根据蒙代尔的三元悖论，一国的经济目标有三种：1、各国货币政策的独立性；2、汇率的稳定性；3、资本的完全流动性。 这三者，一国只能三选其二，而不可能三者兼得。例如，在1944年至1973年的“布雷顿森林体系”中，各国“货币政策的独立性”和“汇率的稳定性”得到实现，但“资本流动”受到严格限制。而1973年以后，“货币政策独立性”和“资本自由流动”得以实现，但“汇率稳定”不复存在。“永恒的三角形”的妙处，在于它提供了一个一目了然地划分国际经济体系各形态的方法。
根据三元悖论，在资本流动，货币政策的有效性和汇率制度三者之间只能进行以下三种选择：
(1)保持本国货币政策的独立性和资本的完全流动性，必须牺牲汇率的稳定性，实行浮动汇率制。这是由于在资本完全流动条件下，频繁出入的国内外资金带来了国际收支状况的不稳定，如果本国的货币当局部进行干预，亦即保持货币政策的独立性，那么本币汇率必然会随着资金供求的变化而频繁的波动。利用汇率调节将汇率调整到真实反映经济现实的水平，可以改善进出口收支，影响国际资本流动。虽然汇率调节本身具有缺陷，但实行汇率浮动确实较好的解决了“三难选择”。但对于发生金融危机的国家来说，特别是发展中国家，信心危机的存在会大大削弱汇率调节的作用，甚至起到恶化危机的作用。当汇率调节不能奏效时，为了稳定局势，政府的最后选择是实行资本管制。
(2)保持本国货币政策的独立性和汇率稳定，必须牺牲资本的完全流动性，实行资本管制。在金融危机的严重冲击下，在汇率贬值无效的情况下，唯一的选择是实行资本管制，实际上是政府以牺牲资本的完全流动性来维护汇率的稳定性和货币政策的独立性。大多数经济不发达的国家，比如中国，就是实行的这种政策组合。这一方面是由于这些国家需要相对稳定的汇率制度来维护对外经济的稳定，另一方面是由于他们的监管能力较弱，无法对自由流动的资本进行有效的管理。
(3)维持资本的完全流动性和汇率的稳定性，必须放弃本国货币政策的独立性。根据蒙代尔-弗莱明模型，资本完全流动时，在固定汇率制度下，本国货币政策的任何变动都将被所引致的资本流动的变化而抵消其效果，本国货币丧失自主性。在这种情况下，本国或者参加货币联盟，或者更为严格地实行货币局制度，基本上很难根据本国经济情况来实施独立的货币政策对经济进行调整，最多是在发生投机冲击时，短期内被动地调整本国利率以维护固定汇率。可见，为实现资本的完全流动与汇率的稳定，本国经济将会付出放弃货币政策的巨大代价。
The Mundell-Fleming model is an economic model first set forth by Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming. The model is an extension of the IS-LM model. Whereas IS-LM deals with economy under autarky, the Mundell-Fleming model tries to describe a small open economy.
Typically, the Mundell-Fleming model portrays the relationship between the nominal exchange rate and the economy output (unlike the relationship between interest rate and the output in the IS-LM model) in the short run. The Mundell-Fleming model has been used to argue that an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. This principle is frequently called "the Unholy Trinity," the "Irreconcilable Trinity," the "Inconsistent trinity" or the Mundell-Fleming "trilemma."
Under flexible exchange rate regime
We speak of a system of flexible exchange rates when governments (or central banks) allow the exchange rate to be determined by market forces alone.
Typically this means governments (or central banks) announce an interest rate target which they are prepared to buy or sell any amount of domestic currency to maintain.
【edit】 Changes in money supply
An increase in money supply will shift the LM curve to the right. This directly reduces the local interest rate and in turn forces the local interest rate lower than the global interest rate. This depreciates the exchange rate of local currency through capital outflow. The depreciation makes local goods cheaper compared to foreign goods and increases export and decreases import. Hence, net export is increased. Increased net export leads to the shifting of the IS curve to the right to the point where the local interest rate will equalize with the global rate. This increases the overall income in the local economy.
A decrease in money supply will cause the exact opposite of the process.
【edit】 Changes in government spending
An increase in government expenditure shifts the IS curve to the right. The shift will cause the local interest rate to go above the global rate. The increase in local interest will cause capital inflow and the inflow will make the local currency stronger compared to foreign currencies. Strong exchange rate also makes foreign goods cheaper compared to local goods. This encourages greater import and discourages export and hence, lower net export. As a result, the IS will return to its original location where the local interest rate is equal to the global interest rate. The level of income of the local economy stays the same. The LM curve is not at all affected.
A decrease in government expenditure will reverse the process.
【edit】 Changes in global interest rate
An increase in the global interest rate will cause an upward pressure on the local interest rate. The pressure will subside as the local rate closes in on the global rate. When a positive differential between the global and the local rate occurs, holding the LMB curve constant, capital will flow out of the local economy. This depreciates the local currency and helps boost net export. Increasing net export shifts the IS to the right. This shift will continue to the right until the local interest rate becomes as high as the global rate.
A decrease in global interest rate will cause the reverse to occur.
【edit】 Under fixed exchange rate regime
We speak of a system of fixed exchange rates when governments (or central banks) announce an exchange rate (the parity rate) at which they are prepared to buy or sell any amount of domestic currency.
【edit】 Changes in money supply
Under the fixed exchange rate system, the local central bank or any monetary authority will only change the money supply in order to maintain a level of exchange rate. If there is a pressure to appreciate the exchange rate, the local authority will increase its foreign reserve by purchasing foreign currencies with the local currency. This will return the exchange rate to its previous level. When there is a depreciation pressure, the authority will purchase its own currency in the market with its foreign reserve to return the currency to its pre-pressure state.
A revaluation occurs when there is a permanent increase in exchange rate and hence, decrease in money supply. Devaluation is the exact opposite of revaluation.
【edit】 Changes in government expenditure
Increased government expenditure shifts the IS curve to the right. The shift encourages the interest rate to go up and hence, appreciation of the exchange rate. However, the exchange rate is controlled by the local monetary authority in the framework of a fixed system. In order to maintain the exchange and alleviate the pressure on the exchange rate, the monetary authority will purchase foreign currencies with local currencies until the pressure is gone i.e. back to the original level. Such action shifts the LM curve in tandem with the direction of the IS shift. This action increases the local currency supply in the market and lowers the exchange rate — or rather, return the rate back to its original state. In the end, the exchange rate stays the same but the general income in the economy increases.
The reverse is true when government expenditure decreases.
【edit】 Changes in global interest rate
To maintain the fixed exchange rate, the central bank must offset the capital flows (in or out) which are caused by the change of the global interest rate to the domestic rate. The central bank must restore the situation where the real domestic interest rate is equal to the real global interest rate to stop net capital flows from changing the exchange rate.
If the global interest rate increases above the domestic rate, capital will flow out to take advantage of this opportunity. This would depreciate the home currency, so the central bank must buy the home currency and sell foreign currency reserves to offset this outflow. This decrease in the money supply shifts the LM curve to the left until the domestic interest rate is the global interest rate.
If the global interest rate declines below the domestic rate, the opposite occurs. Money flows in, the home currency would appreciate, so the central bank must offset this by increasing the money supply (sell domestic currency, buy foreign), the LM curve shifts right, and the domestic interest rate becomes the global interest rate.
【edit】 Differences from IS-LM
It is worth noting that some of the result from this model differs from the IS-LM because of the open economy assumption. Result for large open economy on the other hand falls within the result predicted by the IS-LM and the Mundell-Fleming models. The reason for such result is because a large open economy has both the characteristics of an autarky and a small open economy.
In the IS-LM, interest rate will be the key component in making both the money market and the good market in equilibrium. Under the Mundell-Fleming framework of small economy, interest rate is fixed and equilibrium in both market can only be achieved by a change of nominal exchange rate.
【edit】 Example
A much simplified version of the Mundell-Fleming model can be illustrated by a small open economy, in which the domestic interest rate is exogenously predetermined by the world interest rate (r=r*).
Consider an exogenous increase in government expenditure, the IS curve will shift upward, with LM curve intact, causing the interest rate and the output to rise (partial crowding out effect) under the IS-LM model.
Nevertheless, as interest rate is predetermined in a small open economy, the LM* curve (of exchange rate and output) is vertical, which means there is exactly one output that can make the money market in the equilibrium under that interest rate. Even though the IS* curve still shift up, it will result in a higher exchange rate and same level of output (complete crowding out effect, which is different in the IS-LM model).
The example above makes an implicit assumption of flexible exchange rate. The Mundell-Fleming model can have completely different implications under different exchange rate regimes. For instance, under a fixed exchange rate system, with perfect capital mobility, monetary policy becomes ineffective. An expansionary monetary policy resulting in an outward shift of the LM curve would in turn make capital flow out of the economy. The central bank under a fixed exchange rate system would have to intervene by selling foreign money in exchange for domestic money to depreciate the foreign currency and appreciate the domestic currency. Selling foreign money and receiving domestic money would reduce real balances in the economy, until the LM curve shifts back to the left, and the interest rates come back to the world rate of interest i*.
用英语写一篇泡茶的过程
The British style 3.1 gram teabags have 50% more tea than the US style string and tag 2.1 gram teabags. The teabags are larger and so the tea has more room to brew.
Loose leaf tea brewed in a teapot makes the best tasting tea.
We recommend one teaspoon of loose tea per person, plus one for the pot.
Use freshly drawn water. When water is re-boiled, or stands for a while, it loses oxygen which prevents the full flavor of the tea being released.
Warming the pot first. This helps the brewing process by maintaining the brewing temperature for longer, to extract more flavor from the tea.
Be sure to use boiling water to make the tea. Water which is "off the boil" does not allow the tea to brew properly.
Brewing for 3-5 minutes, shorter times will not reveal the full flavor and the quality of the tea. Longer brewing will result in a bitter tasting tea as Tannin will start to be extracted from the tea leaves.
Stir the tea in the pot once or twice while it is brewing.
Tea bags ?the same directions apply as for loose tea. You will get best results brewing in a pot. If you brew in a cup brew for a much shorter time, 1 - 2 minutes.
我的简短~哈哈哈~........-_-