•
pontiff
【pɔntif】
英：
美：
n.
罗马教宗, 主教, 祭司长
名词复数:
pontifices
1 、He was the first non-Italian
pontiff
after 455 years, and the first Polish one.His 26-year reign was the third-longest pontificate.───他是455年来第一位非意大利籍主教， 也是第一位担任该职位的波兰人，而他26年的统治也是历史上第三长的主教任期。
2 、Emperor, Caliph, Pontiff, Pope Empire, Caliphate, Pontificate,───皇（教皇、哈里发）皇国（教皇国、哈里发国）
3 、After entering the open “popemobile”,the
pontiff
was riding around the colonnade.───进入敞蓬的“教皇之车”后，主教环柱廊而行。
4 、But the Vatican says the popes views were distorted and taken out of historic context and that his speech will still be sent to the university even though the
pontiff
will not deliver it.───但是梵蒂冈的发言人宣称，教皇的观点受到了曲解，并被断章取义。将由其他人替代教皇进行演讲。“可能是凑巧忽略了某些事，”梵蒂冈知情人士对美联社说。
5 、The Pontiff challenged the Socialist governments reforms, including gay marriage.───教宗质疑社会党人政府改革，包括同性恋婚姻。
6 、The vestments and insignia of a
pontiff
or a bishop.───主教的祭服，主教的徽章教皇或主教的法衣或徽章
7 、The
pontiff
says it is difficult for him to understand how priests could betray their mission to children.───教皇说，他很难理解神父怎么能够背叛他们对儿童的使命。
8 、Pope Benedict XVI made the final stop of his trip to France, visiting the pilgrimage city of Lourdes. In his homily the Pontiff focused on the ills of modern materialism .───教皇B十六世到达了他法国行程的最后一站---拜访圣城洛德斯。在他的布道中，他集中抨击了现代唯物主义的弊端。
9 、Thousands cheered and waved as the
pontiff
entered in his popemobile.───当教皇坐驾抵临时，数以万计的人振臂欢呼。
10 、The
pontiff
s eco-friendly message says natural resources like water need to be preserved and shared to avoid conflict.───教皇在这段关于善待环境的信息中指出,人们应该节约并共享水资源等自然资源,以避免由争夺资源引起的冲突.
11 、In the message, a beautiful young woman asked the Pontiff to perform a secret marriage.───在这条消息里，一位年轻貌美的女子请求大祭司去主持一场秘密婚礼。
12 、The
pontiff
noted that America has been generous in helping to meet the worlds humanitarian needs, and said diplomacy is the solution to solving disagreements.───教皇指出，美国很慷慨地帮助实现世界人道主义需求。教皇还说，外交是解决分歧的办法。
13 、During an audience for the general chapter of the Franciscan order in 1909, the
pontiff
appeared to enter a trance.───在1909年的接近圣方济各修会成员期间，这位教宗明显是进入了一种出神状态。
14 、1.Pope Benedict was at Yankee Stadium leading the final Mass in his six-day visit to America.Thousands cheered and waved as the
pontiff
entered in his popemobile.───本尼特教皇在杨基队主场举行了其为期六天美国之行的最后一次集会，当其乘坐坐驾入内时，成千上万的人欢呼雀跃！
15 、Pontiff visited Canada, E-SUN metal detector used to ensured secutiry at echibition place.───罗马教皇访问加拿大，东方企业集团金属探测器产品在安检中使用。
16 、Viborg citizen didnt like Flank,Nikulas,some people wrote letters to
pontiff
,they said he is a wizard and rascal.They wanted to expel him .───维堡市民不喜欢尼古拉斯.弗兰肯，有些人给主教写信说弗兰肯是个巫师，是个坏蛋，他们想把他赶出维堡市。
17 、She says the late Pontiff cured her Parkinsons disease.───她表示这位已故的主教治愈了她的帕金森氏症。
18 、It will mark his first visit to the US as
pontiff
.───这将是他任职教皇以来首次访问美国。
19 、The 82-year-old
pontiff
made the comments in his weekly appearance in St.───这位82高龄的教皇是在出席每周一次的圣彼得广场见面会时说这番话的。
20 、The 82-year-old
pontiff
made the comments in his weekly appearance in St. Peters Square, already decked with a towering Christmas tree and parts of the creche, the traditional scene depicting Christs birth in a manger.───这位82高龄的教皇是在出席每周一次的圣彼得广场见面会时说这番话的。 广场已经装饰了高大的圣诞树，部分还布置成了传说中耶酥基督在马槽出生时众人围绕初生婴儿的的情景。
21 、The office or term of officeof a
pontiff
.───教皇的职位或任期。
22 、In his first interview as
pontiff
, Pope Benedict XVI warned yesterday that Europe was caught up in a crisis of "self-pity" and lacked belief.───就任后第一次受访，教宗本笃16世在15日提出警告，表示欧洲陷入自怜的危机，并且缺乏信仰的力量。
23 、The
pontiff
praised America as a land of opportunity and hope.He expressed grief that the nations promise fell short for blacks and Indians.───主教赞扬美国是希望和机遇的摇篮，但同时表示美国对黑人和印第安人没有履行承诺，而感到悲伤。
24 、In a statement issued first on his behalf and then twice in person, the
pontiff
expressed deep regret for the offence that had been taken.───在首先以他的名义，以后两次又亲自发表的声明中，教皇对造成的冒犯深表歉意。
25 、His 81st birthday is Wednesday and Saturday will mark the third anniversary of his election as
pontiff
.───他的81岁生日在周三，周六将会是他当选为天主主教的三周年纪念日。
26 、The
pontiff
was speaking to pilgrims at his summer palace.───教皇正在其夏宫向朝圣者布教。
27 、The Pontiff also urged dialogue and brotherhood between faiths.───教皇同时希望宗教之间有一个和平对话和兄弟关系。
28 、The
pontiff
also delivered comments in Spanish, recognizing a growing Catholic population in the United States.───教皇还用西班牙语发表了演说，认识到在美国天主教徒人数的增长。
29 、And the Pope faces a major test this week, traveling to his native Germany on his first foreign trip as
pontiff
for World Youth Day.───教皇于世界青年日到他的故乡德国旅游，这是他首次以教皇身份到国外旅行，也是他本周面临的主要考验。
30 、But they also take the
pontiff
to task on lots of things.───但是，他们也向教皇提及了许多其他事情。
31 、His 81th birthday is Wednesday and Saturday will mark the third anniversary of his election as
pontiff
.───星期三是他81岁的生日，星期六是他当选为教皇的三周年纪念日。
32 、Throughout the document, leftish ideas about economics nestle alongside the austere moral reasoning that is a hallmark of the German-born
pontiff
.───在整份文件中，经济学的左派思想与简朴的道德推理相依偎，简朴的道德推理是这个出生于德国的主教的标志特征。
33 、His popemobile passed the cheering crowds and while the Whitehouse ceremony crowded 13,000 people sang Happy birthday to the
pontiff
.───教皇车从欢呼的人群旁驶过，与此同时，白宫的欢迎仪式上13000人为教皇唱起了生日快乐歌。
34 、The
pontiff
also delivered comments in Spanish, recognizing a growing Catholic population in the Unites States. More than 550 priests were on hand, who distribute communion to the participants.───教皇用西班牙语承认美国的天主教人口在增加。有550多个祭司当时在那里给神父在分发圣餐。
35 、A letter from Viborg
pontiff
on 1560 among them.This
pontiff
had three to four house property,and he leased a house to a man named Flank,Nikulas.───其中有1560年维堡主教的一些信，这位主教在维堡市有三四处房产，他把其中的一座房子租给了一个叫尼古拉斯.弗兰肯的人。
36 、He spoke before thousands in Amman international stadium, the
pontiff
called on Middle East Christians to hold to their faith despite hardships threatening their communities.───在安曼国际体育场，有数千人参加集会。教皇号召中东基督教信徒不管遇到多么大的困难都要坚持信仰。
37 、Pope John Paul blessed Easter Sunday pilgrims with a sign of the cross. But the ailing
pontiff
couldnt speak, bringingmany in the crowd to tears.───教皇划十字送祝福,教众感动落泪。
38 、At least eight security officers who were trailing the uncovered popemobile as the
pontiff
passed by grabbed the man and wrestled him to the ground.───当时至少有8名保安尾随教皇的白色敞篷专车，他们擒住该名男子，并把他按倒在地。
39 、The clip was quickly yanked from YouTube, because the Catholic Archdiocese says the toy
pontiff
was not wearing authentic attire.───但是这个片断被迅速的从优比网上撤掉了，因为天主教的主教说这个玩具教皇没有穿真正的教皇衣服。
40 、The
pontiff
s, the urban cohorts, the lictors guild.─── 还有大祭司 城市军团 侍从官
41 、1、This cute little dog is wearing a Pope outfit to celebrate the Pontiffs visit to his native Germany. The costume was designed by owner Hildegard Bergbauer.───一只小狗身穿教皇服装，以庆祝罗马教皇访德。为了庆祝罗马天主教皇本笃十六世访问家乡德国，巴伐利亚州的一位居民给自己的狗狗也设计了一套教皇服装。
42 、On his arrival the
pontiff
circled the packed stadium in his pope mobile.───在教皇到达后，他乘坐着汽车围绕着拥挤的体育场行进。
43 、The
pontiff
praised America as a land of opportunity and hope.───这是教宗本笃美国朝圣时的首次公开弥撒。
44 、Having the dignity, pomp, or authority of a
pontiff
or a bishop.───有教皇权威的，有教皇身份的具有一位教皇或一名主教的尊严、华贵或权威的
45 、The
pontiff
brought his message of peace to hallowed ground as the popemobile descended the ramp to the lowest levels of the former World Trade Center site.───在教皇乘坐的专车徐徐驶下斜坡抵达前世贸中心遗址的最低一层时，教皇给这个神圣的地方带来了和平的信息。
46 、But Christians have turned out at every stop to celebrate Mass with the
pontiff
.───但是，基督信徒在每一站的哦举行隆重的弥撒迎接教皇。
47 、For me, I will learn something useful from "Surrealism".But I will not fall into the
pontiff
by simple imitation.───对于我来说，我会吸取“超现实主义”中的一些有益因素，但不会落于单纯模仿的窠臼之中。
48 、Some of the protesters called for the arrest of the
pontiff
when he visits the predominantly Muslim country in late November.───一些抗议者呼吁，在教皇11月底访问穆斯林占人口多数的土耳其时，将教皇抓起来。
49 、The
pontiff
says he hopes to alert people to the issue of climate change.───这位罗马教皇表示他希望他能提醒人们关注气候变化问题。
50 、From the residence of the nuncio, the Pontiff headed to the White House for an official reception ceremony.───教宗专车途经之处，有很多美国居民 夹道欢迎，圣座大使馆门外也有不少人预先在向教宗祝贺生日快乐。
51 、At that time, the
pontiff
, Pope John Paul II may attend the meeting───届时教宗若望保禄二世或将参加这次会议。
52 、The German-born
pontiff
said that his visit aimed at "dialogue, brotherhood, a commitment for understanding between cultures, between religions, for reconciliation."───这位德国出生的罗马教皇说他此次拜访的目的是“对话，手足情谊，不同文化与宗教间相互理解、相互包容的义务。”
53 、During his trip to the United States Pope Benedict will mark two personal milestones.His 81st birthday is Wednesday and Saturday will mark the third anniversary of his election as
pontiff
.───在他访问美国的旅途中,教皇B.也将完成他个人的两个里程碑.周三是他的81岁生日周六则是他当选罗马教皇的第三个纪念日.
54 、On his arrival, the
pontiff
circled the parked stadium in his pope mobile.───当他到达的时候，这位教皇坐在教皇专车里环绕体育场。
55 、In his homily the Pontiff focused on the ills of modern materialism .───在布道中，教皇主要抨击了现代物质主义的种种弊病。
56 、The
pontiff
also made ecific mention of conflicts in Sri Lanka and in Sudans Darfur region.───教宗特别提到斯里兰卡和苏丹达尔富尔地区的冲突。
57 、supreme
pontiff
───n. 罗马教宗
58 、The world needs to feel some tenderness toward our current
pontiff
.─── 世界需要感受一下 我们现任教宗亲和的一面
59 、The office or term of office of a
pontiff
.───教皇的职位或任期
60 、As Pope Benedict XVI thanks journalists, the Vatican prepares for the open-air mass in St. Peters Square that will formally install him as
pontiff
.───在罗马教皇致词感谢新闻界时，梵蒂冈正在为其在圣彼得广场的露天弥撒做准备，以使他正式就任罗马教皇。
61 、Its thought to be the first time the Pontiff has specifically apologized for the alleged offences.───这被认为是天主教皇第一次特意为被指责的罪行道歉。
62 、It was unclear whether the Pontiffs words would end the backlash.───究竟教皇的话能不能结束这种激烈反应尚不明确。
63 、Pope Benedict swapped out his gold-coloured robes for a long-white apron.The Pontiff performed a feet-washing ceremony at St.John Lateran Basilica in Rome.───教皇本笃十六今日解下金色长袍，换上白色围裙，在罗马圣约翰大教堂为信徒举行了濯足仪式。
64 、On his arrival, the
pontiff
circled the packed stadium in his popemobile.───他到来了之后，教皇用他的专用公众**对着充满人的体育馆。
65 、The letter challenges the
pontiff
to engage in the thing he says he wants most: a robust, courteous exchange about faith and reason.───信件向教皇发出挑战，要求教皇参加他曾言及的他所最希望看到的事情：一场有关信仰和理性的生动而礼貌的交流。
66 、On his arrival, the
pontiff
circled the park packed stadium in his popemobile.───教皇到达后，乘坐其座驾环绕满是人群的体育场。
67 、The
pontiff
s critics grumbled that he had not really apologised.───教皇的批评者们指出，教皇并没有真正道歉。
68 、On his arrival, the
pontiff
circled the packed stadium in his pope mobile.───当罗马教皇到来的时候，他乘坐他的专车环绕拥挤的运动场一圈。
69 、You must do something very important for the eminency of your
pontiff
.─── 你一定要做一些非常重要的事 為了讓你的教皇手握籌碼
70 、The ailing
pontiff
did however appear before the crowd in St. Peters Square attempting to speak, but opting instead to bless pilgrims silently.───朝圣者。我们再来听第二个播音员说的什么,他说教皇虽然身体欠佳,但还是出现在人群面前,他曾试图讲话,但后来还是默默地向信中祝福。
71 、The 82-year-old
pontiff
was standing on a trolley when he was pushed into the basilica. He then sat near the altar to conduct the consecration───现年八十二岁的教宗是站在推车上被推入教堂内，然后坐在圣坛一旁主持祝圣仪式。
72 、He looked tired. However, he was happy to serve the city of Krakow again. He was the local archbishop before he succeeded the office of
pontiff
in 1978.───他看来疲倦，但很高兴能再次巡牧克拉科市，因为他在一九七八年继任教宗之前，曾担任当地的大主教。
73 、The
pontiff
wiped sweat from his brow with a handkerchief on a day when health workers treated several hundred of those in attendance for heat stroke.───星期天罗安达当地天气炎热，教皇本笃用方巾擦去额头上的汗水，会场里也有几百人中暑，他们接受了医务工作者的治疗。
74 、the Sovereign Pontiff───罗马教皇
75 、The Pontiff is scheduled to arrive Tuesday for his first trip as Pope to the US.───按计划教皇将于星期二到达美国，这是他作为教皇首次赴美。
76 、But the
pontiff
says that promise was not fulfilled for all in America.───但是教皇说，并不是所有美国人都实现了自己的愿望。
77 、And this is the first time that such a thing has happened, a
pontiff
agreeing to a live, freeranging interview.─── 而且这是史上头一次 教宗答应直播采访 且内容不受限制
78 、His background as a conscript in the Hitler Youth and German army in World War II demanded something more personal and contrite from this particular
pontiff
.───他在第二次世界大战时作为希特拉青年及德国军的徵兵这个背景，令人期待这个教皇会发表更个人化及更有悔意的感受。
79 、The 82-year-old
pontiff
made the comments in his weekly appearance in St. Peters Square,already decked with a towering Christmas tree and parts of the creche,the traditional scene depicting Christs birth in a manger.───这位82高龄的教皇是在出席每周一次的圣彼得广场见面会时说这番话的。广场已经装饰了高大的圣诞树，部分还布置成了传说中耶酥基督在马槽出生时众人围绕初生婴儿的的情景。
80 、Its considered an honor to meet the
pontiff
.─── 谒见教宗对他们来说是荣耀
81 、The Pontiff performed a feet-washing ceremony at St.John Lateran Basilica in Rome.───罗马教皇在罗马圣约翰拉特兰教堂举行一个加冕仪式。
平安夜英语读法平安夜英语口语
平安夜英语读法，平安夜英语口语很多人还不知道，现在让我们一起来看看吧！
平安夜的英文释义： Christmas Eve
平安夜的英文例句：
昨天，平安夜，和小乔去了南京路。
Yesterday, the Christmas Eve, Xiaoqiao and I went to the Nanjing Road.
平安夜的时候一起去唱圣诞颂歌吧!
Lets go and sing Christmas carols on Christmas Eve!
在平安夜祝福你!
Bless you in the Christmas Eve!
在波兰，平安夜是首先要禁食的一天，然后是盛宴。
In Poland , Christmas Eve is a day first of fasting, then of feasting.
平安夜苹果“着装”悄然传递“平安”祝福圣诞节 的前一天，被称为平安夜。
Eve approaching Apple "dress code" quietly passed "Green" BlessingThe day before Christmas is called Christmas Eve.
今年是《平安夜》诞生192周年，今年的“平安夜”吟唱仪式还将于下午举行。
This year, 192 years after the first performance, the Silent Night ceremony will again be held in the afternoon.
今年是《平安夜》诞生190周年，今年的“平安夜”吟唱仪式还将于下午举行，同时在互联网上直播。
This year, 190 years after the first performance, the Silent Night ceremony will again be held in the afternoon, and broadcast live on the Internet.
平安夜还没到，一种叫做“平安果”的礼物，开始在人们手中悄然传递。
Christmas Eve has not arrived yet, called "Green effect" of the gift and began to pass quietly in peoples hands.
在日本，平安夜和情人节有着近乎相同的意义，年轻夫妇和情侣们会在这一天尽情享受二人世界的浪漫。
In Japan, Christmas Eve has taken on a meaning similar to Valentines Day, being the time for romance among young couples.
在庆祝耶稣诞生的活动时，通常大多数罗马天主教徒在平安夜都不吃肉。
In celebration of the birth of baby Jesus, many Roman Catholics do not eat meaton Christmas Eve.
每年平安夜的时候，耶鲁大学预防研究中心主任，医学博士大卫卡兹都会和家人一起烹饪外国食品。
Each Christmas Eve, David Katz, MD, MPH, director of the Yale UniversityPrevention Research Center, and his family prepare cuisine from a different country.
一个风雪交加的平安夜，他的妻子带着孩子们要去参加所在农场社区的平安夜的活动，妻子如同往年一样，要他一道前往，他拒绝了。
One snowy Christmas Eve, his wife was taking their children to a Christmas Eveservice in the farm community in which they lived. She asked him, as always to come, but he refused.
就在几乎垮了的时候，我们在圣诞节平安夜赶到了商业城镇南哨镇——离目的地若是走大路还有45公里，走当年红军走过的山路是30公里。
Almost broken, we reached the market town of Nanshao late on Chr
ristmas Eve -45 kilometers to go on the main road, 30 on the Red Army trail over themountains.
布拉德利眼含泪水望着妈妈：“但是爸爸答应过的，已经是平安夜了，他应到家了!”
Bradley looked at his mom with tears in his eyes. "But Dad promised and itsChristmas Eve.
平安夜图书专栏不能不提及长久以来为人们所喜爱、现在依然非常应景的圣诞节主题图书。
No Christmas Eve column about books would be complete without mentioningsome longtime Christmas favorites that are still relevant.
如果所有这一切都未能在从平安夜开始的10个交易日内提振股市，那么就意味着有什么出了问题。
If all this doesnt boost stocks over the 10-day period starting around ChristmasEve, it is a sign that something is wrong.
她曾于2008年平安夜试图靠近教宗，但被逮捕。梵蒂冈发言人费德里科·隆巴迪神甫如是说。
She had tried to get to the pontiff on Christmas Eve in 2008, but was detained,Vatican spokesman the Rev. Federico Lombardi said.
一些地区气温回升令情况有所缓和，平安夜有人开始上路，但几起交通事故导致主要线路堵塞。
A rise in temperatures in some areas saw conditions ease as people hit the roadson Christmas Eve, but several accidents caused delays on main routes.
备受关注的这10个交易始于今年的平安夜，延续到明年1月8日。
The much-watched 10-day period begins on Christmas Eve this year andcontinues through Jan. 8.
然而在1914年平安夜，在弗兰德省的战场上却出现过和平。
However, on Christmas Eve 1914 on a field in Flanders, there was Peace on Earth.
每年圣诞节，都会有大批游客(很多来自亚洲)来到欧本朵夫村庄，参加在教堂前举行的平安夜吟唱仪式。
Everyyear, thousands of tourists, many from Asia, travel to the little village to take part in a Christmas Eve ceremony in front of the small chapel.
这些劫匪身穿带有纽约警察局标志的防弹背心，在平安夜洗劫了卡波维奇夫妇的家。
The robbers wore bulletproof vests bearing the New York Police Department logoand ransacked the Kapovics home on Christmas Eve.
在日本，平安夜和情人节有着近乎相同的意义，年轻夫妇和情侣们会在这一天尽情享受二人世界的浪漫。
In Japan, Christmas Eve has taken on a meaning similar to Valentines Day, beingthe time for romance among young couples.
稍早前，教宗还在他传统性的平安夜训诫中，为世界和平祈福。
Earlier, the Pope prayed for peace as he delivered his traditional Christmas Evehomily.
最后，我把所思所想写成了一篇题为《辛德瑞拉出问题? 》的文章，发表在《纽约时代杂志》的平安夜那期上。
I ended up publishing my musings as an article called “What’s Wrong withCinderella?” which ran on Christmas Eve in The New York Times Magazine.
什么?今天是平安夜。
What? But today is Christmas Eve.
这首颂歌的最初版本由约瑟夫•莫尔神父于1816年创作于奥地利，它的首次演出是在1818年的平安夜。
The original version of the carol "Stille Nacht" was written in 1816 in Austria by the priest Father Joseph Mohr. It was first performed on Christmas Eve in 1818.
这只狗出生于2002年的平安夜，它出生的时候只有两条腿。
This dog was born on Christmas Eve in 2002.He was born with only 2 legs.
去年平安夜，一个男子装扮成圣诞老人，杀死了他的前妻和她八个亲戚后自杀。
On Christmas Eve a man dressed as Father Christmas killed his ex-wife and eightof her relatives before taking his own life.
下面来看看一些比较流行的和普遍平安夜传统。
Here is a look at some of the more popular and prevalent Christmas Evetraditions.
最后一晚抽名字正是在平安夜的前一晚。
The final night of name picking was also the night before Christmas Eve.
平安夜，杰西夫妇搬至一间小屋，位于俯视圣约瑟夫的一座小山顶。
On Christmas Eve, Jesse and Zee moved their family into a small house atop a high hill overlooking St. Joseph.
不要老想着平安夜独自看**或假日读一本1200页厚的书。
Forget about spending Christmas Eve watching a movie alone or the holiday vacation reading a 1200-page book.
而明天就是平安夜了。
And tomorrow’s Christmas Eve.
急求：请问有谁有关于建筑巴黎圣母院的英文资料
Proceeded by a Gallo-Roman temple to Jupiter, a Christian basilica, and a Romanesque church, construction of Notre-Dame de Paris began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII. Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone. The idea to replace the Romanesque church occupying the site - the Cathedral of St. Etienne (founded by Childebert in 528) - was that of Bishop Maurice de Sully (who died in 1196). (Some accounts claim that there were two churches existing on the site, one to the Virgin Mary, the other to St. Stephen.) Construction was completed roughly 200 years later in about 1345.
The choir was completed in 1182; the nave in 1208, and the west front and towers circa 1225-1250. A series of chapels were added to the nave during the period 1235-50, and during 1296-1330 to the apse (Pierre de Chelles and Jean Ravy). The transept crossings were build in 1250-67 by Jean de Chelles and Pierre de Montreuil (also the architect of the Sainte-Chapelle). It was essentially completed according to the original plans.
Detail of Notre Dame from the Ile de la Cité portion of the map of Turgot 1739.
The reigns of Louis XIV (end of the 17th century) and Louis XV saw significant alterations including the destruction of tombs, and stained glass. At the end of the 18th century, during the Revolution, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. Only the great bells avoided being melted down, and the Cathedral was dedicated first to the cult of Reason, and to the cult of the Supreme being. The church interior was used as a warehouse for the storage of forage and food.
After falling into disrepair, a restoration program overseen by Lassus (died 1857) and Viollet-le-Duc, was carried out in 1845. This program lasted 23 years, and included the construction of the spire (see image) and the sacristy.
During the Commune of 1871, the Cathedral was nearly burned by the Communards - and some accounts suggest that indeed a huge mound of chairs was set on fire in its interior. Whatever happened, the Notre Dame survived the Commune essentially unscathed.
Now in 1991, a 10 year program of general maintenance and restoration has begun, and sections of the structure are likely to be shrouded in scaffolds for the foreseeable future.
During its history, Notre Dame has been the site of numerous official and other ceremonial occasions. These include:
1239; The Crown of Thorns placed in the Cathedral by St. Louis during the construction of Sainte-Chapelle.
1302; Philip the Fair opens the first States General here.
1430; Henri VI of England is crowned here.
Mary Stuart becomes Queen of France after her marriage to François II, and is crowned here.
1572; Marguerite of Valoi is married to the Huguenot Henri of Navarre here.
2 December 1804; After the anointing by Pius VII, Napoléon seizes the crown from the pontiff and crowns first himself, then Josephine.
26 August 1944; The Te Deum Mass celebrates the liberation of Paris. (According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by snipping from both the internal and external galleries.)
12 November 1970; The Requiem Mass of General de Gaulle is held here.
31 May 1980; After the Magnificat of this day, Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis in front of the Cathedral.